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Many of the guns were firing spherical case shot Shrapnel. At the time this appoach was regarded as daringly radical and dangerous and was only achieved because the local conditions allowed a clear line of sight and the artillery crews were very experienced.
I'm not convinced that the case quoted should be considered as a creeping barrage. My understanding of a creeping barrage is that a number of guns are laid to produce a line of bursts and that this line is advanced in stages or lifts.
The line starts near the attacking forces trench or start line and the lifts are calculated to suit the rate of advance of the infantry. I can't imagine how this would be achieved with muzzle loading cannon with primitive sights.
In I have come across various references as to which nation or officer first used a creeping barrage. As I said only because a] the crews were very experienced and b] there was a clear line of sight. Starting the line near the attacking forces trench or start line would be barmy and achieve very little- it would be near the defenders front and 'walk' forward as the attackers approached - exactly what happened at San Sebastian.
Brooke yes, but only after he has observed the French artillery doing it first, i think as a liason officer? Leaving aside my degree of barminess; to be a creeping barrage surely requires a number of lifts. Maps showing the advance of 18 Div across the Somme area in show 10 or 12 lifts in a long advance. Nearness to the attackers trench depends on the distance between to opposing forces.
On the Somme in July 16 18 Div and perhaps others sapped forward to be closer to the enemy trenches. While not being precise, I did not suggest that the creeping barrage stopped at the enenmy trench. While not being familiar with the action at San Sebastion Centurions description seems to be examples of simple fire and movement and what might be called a 'stopping' barrage.
Mathew could well be correct; I have seen references to the French as first users but do not recall that the references gave any detail. If the attack constituted more than say two lifts, then surely it can be considered to 'creep' in front of the attacking infantry. Whilst it is not an 18 creep barrage it can still be considered to creep forward.
Unfortunately I can not seem to find any information in regard to the Bulgars attack, though given it is a siege, I am liken to feel that it is more in the shape of the San Sebastion style of creeping barrage. I find it rather annoying that both sources do not quote a source for their claim.
In fact one possibly took it from the other. I too have heard of the Alanbrooke claim, though also there is mention that it was used at Loos. In his book Pyrrhic Victory page , Robert Doughty states that the French were using the rolling barrage from May at least.
I've not got access to the official history, so I can't check the document in question. But 61st Division wasn't there - it was in a quiet sector further south - so it be no more than Nivelle having a bright idea, and passing it up the chain of command. Brooke D. This bears out the fact that the French used the "Rolling Barrage" in Loos in September and also in offensive operations at Champagne and Artois by 25th September The summer months were necessarily employed in building up new reserves of ammunition, and in awaiting reinforcements of new formations which would render possible attacks on a larger scale.
By the middle of September we attacked at Loos on a front of 11, yds. The frontage per field gun was increased to 32 yds. Namely the density of artillery as compared to the front of attack was reduced to a fifth of that at Neuve Chapelle.
This weakness in guns was accepted without much adverse comment owing to the great results expected from gas. Yet a further loss of surprise was entailed through the decrease in density of artillery. The same degree of destruction was still looked for, and could only be achieved by prolonging the period of preparation. We thus find the preliminary bombardment increased to 4 days, whilst its daily intensity was naturally greatly reduced by the paucity in guns available.
In our attempts to achieve destruction we had at Festubert thrown tactical surprise to the wind, at Loos we were also prepared to sacrifice strategical surprise for the same object. The spring offensives had proved that the organisation of the higher control of artillery required re-adjusting. Existing systems did not admit of sufficient centralisation during the preparation and preliminary stages of the attack.
Improvisation heralded the introduction of the majority of the evolutionary changes during the last war. The heavy artillery, however, still retained, for the last time, its pernicious organisation in heavy artillery reserve groups. Such a system, whereby artillery responsible for counter battery and heavy bombardment tasks, remained entirely independent of the corps organisation, could only result in lack of liaison with attacking formations.
Counter-battery tactics suffered at this period from too many parents to make any rapid progress. Divisional artilleries were doing their best to engage hostile batteries with the limited resources at their disposal. Heavy artillery reserve groups duplicated the counter-battery intelligence work of the divisional artilleries with ample resources, but less knowledge of the tactical situation. Field survey units were making noble attempts to provide indispensable counter-battery intelligence, but were treated with suspicion by both divisional artilleries and heavy artillery reserve groups.
Finally, the Royal Flying Corps, still in its infancy as regards methods of co-operation with artillery, was endeavouring to render assistance but in doubt as to when and where help was required. A distinct step in the tactical handling of artillery may, therefore, be registered at this period, as the necessity for some kind of central counter-battery control had been realised.
In the artillery support of the assault the gradual trend in the evolution of artillery tactics may also be traced. This support consisted of a "lifting barrage" moving from trench to trench, and as the number of hostile trenches had increased since the spring something in the nature of a "creeping barrage" was necessitated. Though we had not yet arrived at the "rolling barrage" of the future, since the fire of the successive lifts was directed on to definite trenches and not by a gradual increase in ranges, a step in the evolution of artillery support in the attack had been made.
It is even probable, although definite proof is not available, that at least one division artillery during this attack lifted its fire from trench to trench by a series of rapid lifts of 50 yards. French offensive in Champagne and Artois. The battle of Loos formed part of the grand offensives decided on at the Inter-Allied Conference of Chantilly of the 7th July,
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