Do not italicize or capitalize genus name when used in the plural. The genus Salmonella consists of only 2 species: S. Most salmonellae encountered in EID will be serotypes serovars belonging to S.
Put the genus and species in italics, followed by initially capped serotype in Roman e. Serotypes belonging to other subspecies are designated by their antigenic formulae following the subspecies name e. IIIb k:z. We studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa , P. For an article about multiple genera that each have a different abbreviation, the author can use abbreviation to introduce new species.
We studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Streptococcus pyogenes , P. For an article about multiple genera, some of which have the same abbreviation, write out first mention of new species.
Abbreviate later. We studied the relationship between Trypanosoma cruzi and Triatoma infestans. We found the relationship between T. For an article about several species of the same genus, the genus must be spelled out only in the title and at first use in the abstract, text, tables, and figures. It may subsequently be abbreviated for other species. We studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P.
On subsequent mentions of a species, the genus may be abbreviated. Ticks were discovered on Canis lupus , Canis latrans , Cerdocyon thous , and Chrysocyon brachyurus , but C. Italicize family, genus, species, and variety or subspecies. Begin family and genus with a capital letter. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, and suborder begin with a capital letter but are not italicized.
Binary genus-species combinations are always used in the singular. Genus used alone capitalized and italicized is usually used in the singular, but it may be used in the plural not italicized if it refers to all species within that genus.
Use Valley fever, not Valley Fever, when referring coccidioidomycosis. Gene designations are generally italicized, which helps clarify whether the writer is referring to a gene or to another entity that might be confused with a gene. Style for genes varies according to organism. There is no real consensus on style of depicting acronyms for Plasmodium genes, except that when referred to as genes, they are italicized; when referred to as proteins, they are not.
The style is more dependent on the particular journal. In molecular microbiology the gene and species abbreviation, i. The main idea is to be consistent throughout the manuscript. Acronyms for Plasmodium genes are italicized when referring to a gene. When referring to a protein they are not italicized. Many virus gene names are written in italics and are traditionally 3 letters, lowercase, although some will be written in all caps, roman. No definitive rules exist for naming such genes, and you will see them described in a variety of different ways.
Fungus gene names are generally treated the same as virus gene names i. With a multigene family, a numeric notation is included. When different alleles of the same gene are noted, the terminology allows for a superscript. Drug target genes are all capped, no italics. Human gene names are all caps and italicized. May be all uppercase Latin letters or a combination of uppercase letters and Arabic numbers, ideally no longer than 6 characters.
Initial character is always a letter. No subscript, superscript, roman numerals, or Greek letters are used. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C and D. Wild aquatic birds — particularly certain wild ducks, geese, swans, gulls, shorebirds and terns — are the natural hosts for most influenza type A viruses. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes on the basis of two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA image icon.
There are 18 known HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes. Many different combinations of HA and NA proteins are possible. All known subtypes of influenza A viruses can infect birds, except subtypes H17N10 and H18N11, which have only been found in bats.
Only two influenza A virus subtypes i. Some subtypes are found in other infected animal species. For example, H7N7 and H3N8 virus infections can cause illness in horses, and H3N8 virus infection cause illness in horses and dogs.
Avian influenza AI viruses — influenza viruses which infect birds —have evolved into distinct genetic lineages in different geographic locations.
These different lineages can be distinguished by studying the genetic make-up of these viruses. These broad lineage classifications can be further narrowed by genetic comparisons that allow researchers to group the most closely related viruses together.
The host, time period and geographical location are often used in the lineage name to help further delineate one lineage from another. Influenza A viruses are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics, i. A pandemic can occur when a new and different influenza A virus emerges that both infects people and has the ability to spread efficiently among people. Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics.
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin H and neuraminidase N.
There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes H1 through H18 and N1 through N11, respectively. Reassortment can occur when two influenza viruses infect a host at the same time and swap genetic information. This graphic shows the two types of influenza viruses A and B that cause most human illness and that are responsible for flu seasons each year.
Both influenza A and B viruses can be further classified into clades and sub-clades which are sometimes called groups and sub-groups. Note that this graphic is an example, and currently circulating influenza clades and subclades may differ from those presented here. Figure 1 — This is a picture of a phylogenetic tree. Each sequence from a specific influenza virus has its own branch on the tree. The degree of genetic difference between viruses is represented by the length of the horizontal lines branches in the phylogenetic tree.
The further apart viruses are on the horizontal axis of a phylogenetic tree, the more genetically different the viruses are to one another. An influenza clade or group is a further subdivision of influenza viruses beyond subtypes or lineages based on the similarity of their HA gene sequences.
See the Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization page for more information. Clades and subclades are shown on phylogenetic trees as groups of viruses that usually have similar genetic changes i.
Dividing viruses into clades and subclades allows flu experts to track the proportion of viruses from different clades in circulation. Note that clades and sub-clades that are genetically different from others are not necessarily antigenically different. These proteins act as antigens.
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